小寒：踏雪寻梅，年味渐浓******
小寒是冬季倒数第二个节气，它的到来意味着一年将近尾声。小寒一般于1月5-7日间交节，《月令七十二候集解》释其名曰：“小寒，十二月节。月初寒尚小，故云。月半则大矣。”在古人看来，寒冷是一个不断积聚的过程，冷气积久而寒，却未达极点，是谓“小寒”。冬至之后，冷空气频繁南下，各地气温持续降低，小寒临近“三九”，民谚有“冷在三九”“小寒一过，出门冰上走”“小寒胜大寒”等说法，可见此时的寒冷程度。
小寒时节，北方大部分地区正值田间歇冬，南方地区也多是从事果树修剪、小麦油菜追施冬肥、蔬菜越冬保暖等工作，农事并不忙碌。然而农人早已关心起来年的收成。人们常常根据小寒的气温、雨水变化预测来年的天气、农事。比如“小寒暖，立春雪”“小寒不寒，清明泥潭”，当年小寒温暖，预示来年立春前后有雪，清明雨水增多；“小寒雨蒙蒙，雨水惊蛰冻死秧”，若小寒阴雨，寒冷将持续到来年雨水、惊蛰；此外还有“小寒无雨，小暑必旱”“小寒不寒大寒寒”等。
寒冬腊月，人们注重饮食、保养身体，各地形成了各具特色的小寒食俗。比如南京人小寒要吃菜饭，取南京特色“矮脚黄”青菜、咸肉片、香肠片、板鸭丁，再剁生姜粒与糯米同煮，味道十分鲜美。广州人喜欢在小寒早上吃糯米饭。糯米饭不光是糯米，得配上炒香的广州腊味（腊肠、腊肉）、花生、碎白葱等，吃来有滋有味。江浙一带有小寒吃花生的习俗，花生可以健体，当地俗谚说“小寒喜庆长生果”“小寒花生食来年”。以传统中医观点来看，在经历春、夏、秋三季的消耗后，人体气血偏衰。“三九”最是寒冷，阴邪之气颇盛，此时合理进补可以抵御寒气侵袭，使得来年身体强健。小寒食补多讲究“温润”，即用一些温热食物补益身体，比如羊肉、鸡肉等肉类，核桃仁、大枣、龙眼肉等蔬果。正所谓“三九补一冬，来年无病痛”。
严寒之中，仍有花信如约而至。宋代女词人朱淑真有“葵影便移长至日，梅花先趁小寒开”的佳句。梅花带着独有的暗香，为寥落寒冷的天地增添了几分色彩。梅花自小寒时初绽，探梅寻芳者也日渐增多。梅与松、竹并称为“岁寒三友”，素以傲雪凌霜的高洁之姿得世人称颂。
陆游《游前山》有“屐声惊雉起，风信报梅开”之句。“风信”即“信风”，是应着花期时令吹来的风。一番风来，吹开了应季的花，古人从中挑选花期最准确的一种花作为这一节候的代表，称为“花信风”。明代谢肇淛《五杂俎》云：“二十四番花信风者，自小寒至谷雨，凡四月，八气二十四候，每候五日，以一花之风信应之。”古人以五日为一候，三候为一个节气，每年从小寒至来年谷雨，共有八个节气二十四候，每候都有一种花儿绽蕾开放，于是便有了“二十四番花信风”之说。明人王逵《蠡海集》整理了完整的花信风名目，以梅花为首，待到楝花开尽，花信风止，绿肥红瘦的夏季便来临了。
小寒三候一候梅花，二候山茶，三候水仙。梅花高洁，山茶富贵，水仙清雅。水仙多为家中水养，一球抽三五枝花茎，开四五朵白花，风姿绰约，雅号“凌波仙子”。文震亨《长物志》说水神冯夷服此花八石，由此得名“水仙”。不论是踏雪寻梅，还是在家中观赏水仙，都为小寒增添不少雅韵。
尽管此时寒近极致，但春的气息也渐渐弥漫开来。进入腊月之后，年味渐浓，人们开始忙着写春联、剪窗花、贴年画、采购年货等，陆续为春节作准备，日子便这般红火热闹起来。（杭州师范大学副教授袁瑾）
中新网评：处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称，将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对，企图将核污水“一倒了之”，把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图：日本福岛第一核电站。2011年，福岛核电站事故发生后，大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋，对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害，数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日，作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由，在2021年4月13日，正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多，日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称，这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全，甚至“可以喝”，这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上，经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质，核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收，长期来看，将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁，最终危害人类健康。
因此，核污水排海计划推出后，遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示，福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中，约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场，反对该计划。
日本政府认为，核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案，但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海，核污水会随着洋流流动，其影响势必会跨越国界，危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称，相关研究认为，福岛核污水如果排放入海，约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域，该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告，若日本将所有核污水排入海中，不到半年，整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁，包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国，有义务保护海洋环境。然而，在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上，日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估，但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论，并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下，日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设，这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道，日本必须正视各方合理关切，在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后，制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远，若只顾眼前，执意将核污水排放入海，不仅其自身，周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单，其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
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